International Students Should Be Taught At A University

International students who come from different parts of the world to study with later hopes of finding a job, take loans to help pay for education ending up in large debts. This sadly is a harsh reality for students who come as international students into the United States. International students are not permitted to work off campus while studying at a university. According to the U.S. Citizenship Immigration Services, visas granted to foreign students are prohibited to any execution of a job (Working). This can include any work ranging from working in motels and liquor stores to in some cases, on campus. Inability to abide by these rules can result in deportation or can affect the student visa and further permissions for a work visa and a green card. Making it incapable for international students to work off-campus, builds a financial burden on these students as well as their parents back home. Not only are these students burdened with thousands of dollars of debt, the currency exc hange rate makes it tougher for these students to pay for their tuitions, housing, and food, without earning it in American dollars. Some students are fortunate enough to find and do jobs on campus, but only small number of students admitted in United States universities are hired for on-campus and the availability is quite low in comparison to a number of international students. This makes it difficult for international students to get an on-campus job and help pay their tuitions, as well asShow MoreRelatedInternational Students At The American University1749 Words   |  7 PagesHow many of you guys study well in the American Universityï ¼Å¸ Maybe some of you have problem in your academic study? 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The Emergence of Two Types of Jews in the United States

However, this fear of covert discrimination in the workforce did not help those already drifting from Jewish ideology and heritage from drifting even further. With the 1950’s nearing its end, education and acceptance in American society was more prevalent on the public’s radar. With those of the first generation still holding to their Jewish identity, many of their children were less motivated and less caring for their Jewish roots. This lack of awareness tainted Jewry of the fifties and climactically corroborated this Jewish emergence and assimilation to surpass throughout the sixties. The beginning of the 1960’s for American Jewry showed no difference in motivation than the previous decade. The choices made over the next two decades accurately convey a path for the emergence of two types of Jews in America. In a New York Times article written in 1962, Rabbi Rosenblum expresses his concern for Jews during this time. He says, â€Å"What we Jews wants is what others desire, just to be let alone to enjoy life liberty, and happiness along with our neighbors.† It marked a point of realization that if Jews uniformly wanted to assimilate without conflict, this could be achieved. The question however still remained whether this could be done while also retaining a Jewish identity. If the choices of the fifties did not offer much foresight into this question, the decisions of the sixties and seventies solidify this concern when â€Å"American Jews saw the sixties open with a promise ofShow MoreRelatedGenocide: Inhumanity in Our World Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognizable is that of the Holocaust and how the German powers that be sought and attempted to kill all Jews. A recent example is the Rawandan Genocide in 1994 where the assassination of Juvà ©nal Habyarimana caused a violent reaction resulting in mass killings. 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Corporate Financial Management for Budgeting -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financial Management for Capital Budgeting. Answer: Introduction Capital budgeting decisions are also called investment decision which affects finance position related to fixed assets of the firm in long run. The capital budgeting decision is based on cost and benefits analysis and these techniques helps in evaluating the suitability of a project. The criterion is selected on basis of maximizing market value of the organization. The finance manager of an organization has to take two decisions such as short term decision and long term decision regarding their capital structure. Short term decisions are called working capital decision whereas long term decisions are called capital budgeting decision (Smit, 2007). In this context, the present report aims to demonstrate the impact of capital budgeting techniques on management decision-making of a business entity. Relation between management decisions making to capital budgeting techniques The capital budgeting decisions are based on basic three criterions that are, accept- reject decision, mutually exclusive decision and capital rationing decision. The accept reject criterion is related to independent projects which means a single project and cannot be compared with another project. The business organizations can accept or reject a project on the basis of minimum rate of return in this criterion. For example in minimum rate on investment is required by the organization is 10% and project can generate 11% rate of return then that project can be accepted. On the other hand, mutually exclusive decisions helps the management to take the decision among all the different projects in that case acceptance of one project automatically rejects all other projects on the basis of cost benefits analysis. The capital rationing decision is those decision under which capital is distributed amongst the acceptable projects because the management can distribute whole money in all the pr ojects due to limitation of resources (Moyer, McGuigan and Rao, 2014). The capital budgeting techniques are divided in two parts: Traditional techniques Modern techniques Traditional techniques: These techniques are also known as unadjusted time methods because these techniques do not consider present value of money. The acceptance or rejection of projects by management in case of this technique depends upon future cash inflows of project, if future cash inflows are more than present investments than project can be accepted otherwise it is rejected. There are three techniques under this method: Urgency Method: This technique is based on assumption that project which requires immediate action should be taken first and that cannot be postponed. For example if in a factory, a machine stops working and requires immediate repair works for Rs. 10,00,000 for continuing the production then management will spend such amount for continuation of projects without considering profitability of the project. Pay- Back period Method: Under this method that project is accepted which recovers the cost of investment as early as possible. It means this technique helps the management to select a project which recovers its cost as early because future is uncertain. Average rate of return: The management of an organization always calculate minimum rate of return on an investment that depends upon internal and external factors of the organization. If any investment proposal which can earn more than minimum rate of return that project can be accepted (Otley and Emmanuel, 2013). Modern Techniques/ Discounted cash flow techniques: These techniques consider present value of money i.e. future cash inflow is discounted in terms of present value. These techniques are: Net present value method: These techniques may be defined as difference between present value of future cash inflows and present value of cash outflows. This technique helps the management to accept or reject the project based on positive net present value i.e. present value of cash inflow is more than present value of cash outflow. The minimum rate of interest for discounted cash flows is selected. Present value index or profitability index: This technique is based on ratio of present value of cash inflow and present value of cash outflow. This is known as profitability index, if profitability index is more than one then project can be accepted otherwise it is rejected. This helps the management to decide cash inflow receivable from the project in comparison with investment in project. Internal Rate of return method: It is rate of return where NPV is zero which means present value of cash inflow is equal to present value of cash outflow. The business can decide its break even point where no profit or loss situation where inflow is equal to outflow and projected can be accepted without any loss. Discounted Pay- Back period method: Under pay back period method that project can be accepted which recovers the cost as early as possible but in this techniques future cash inflow and outflows are discounted according to the rate of interest and decision is taken. This technique helps the management early recovery of cost after considering present value of money. Terminal Value method: In this technique it is assumed that each cash inflow is reinvested immediately by an organization to generate the interest or other income. This is because reinvested cash inflow in different income bearing securities generates the compounded return to an organization which in turn provides higher return of a project (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Discounted cash flow techniques Break Even Analysis: This refers to a situation where a business realizes no profit or loss, i.e. it is level of sales where total revenue is equal to total cost. In the present competitive business environment, there is huge competition in the market where cost and selling price of the product is variable and thus management desires to achieve its breakeven point as early as possible for realizing profits. . The future is uncertain and thus management has to develop effective strategies for realizing its breakeven point and have to develop their capital structure adequately. It is always interested to decide that level of sales which can recovers at least variable cost of product. The capital budgeting techniques helps the organization with various techniques such as net present value, internal rate of return etc. According to NPV criterion the management can achieve break even points where NPV is zero. Internal rate of return techniques helps the management to accept the project where the project is ea rning at least minimum rate of return on the project (Moyer, McGuigan and Rao, 2014). Sensitivity Analysis: The various variables related to investment proposal involved different variable such as cost, market share, sales volume, selling price. The projected cash flow depends upon these variables and these variables are uncertain due to time factor and customer choices and technological development. This technique of capital budgeting force the management to identify the variables that effect the cash flow of the project and guide the management to take the right action for this variable. This technique provides the facility to the management to concentrate on the effect of change in cost, sales or other factor on the outcome of the project. The future is uncertain and management is expected to achieve desired results due to cost involved in the project. The sensitivity analysis helps in identifying how sensitive are the various estimated variables of a project. It shows how sensitive is a projects NPV or IRR for a given change in particular variables. This approach guide the management how far sales, cost and other data can affect the outcome of a project because if the cost of project decline then it will generate more cash inflows and vice versa. Under this technique, it is assumed that only one variable is changed and others are constant. If the sales of an organization increase, the inflow of a project also increases and vice- versa. In that case one variable is changed but other variable are constant. This can be done by different approaches such as optimistic approach, pessimistic approach and expected approach. Under this technique, assumption about sales are changed one time and other factors are constant and on other side sales are constant but other factors such as cost can be changed. These techniques help the management to evaluate the project according to different criterion so the management can estimate of outcome in future because of change in sales or other factors (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Scenario analysis: This is the situation where more than one variable is changed at the same time and no variable is constant. This situation is very tedious for the management where all the factors related to a project is changed simultaneously and affect the outcome of a project. If all the variables related to a project are changed in the positive direction then it is beneficial for an organisation as it will generate more cash inflows for management. However, in reverse case if all the variables are negative it provides negative results for an organisation. This evaluates the expected value of a proposed investment or business activity. The statistical mean is the highest probability event that can be expected in a certain situation. By creating various scenarios that may occur and combining them with the probability that they will incur, an analyst can better determine the value of an investment or business venture. The major drawback for these types of fixed outcome analyses are the probabilities estimated and the outcome sets bounded by the values for the extreme positive and negative events (Otley and Emmanuel, 2013). Simulation Techniques Sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis are quite useful to understand the uncertainty of the investment projects. However, these methods do not consider the interactions between variables and also, they do not reflect on the probability of the change in variables. The future is uncertain due to market choices, customer preferences, competition, technological development and market driven forces. Thus, it is essential for an organization to take effective capital budgeting decision for the objective of investment in the long run. In the situation of uncertainty, simulation techniques are more beneficial for the finance manager, because future is uncertain about cost, revenue and returns of the projects (Baker, 2011). Under this method statistical distribution such as probability distribution is allowed for each outcome of project. This technique is based on computer and reflects real time situations. This technique is known as monte-carlo simulation model. The term Monte Carlo implies that the approach involves the use of numbers drawn randomly from probability distributions. Under the simulation techniques computer generates the random numbers for each of the variables such as market share, sale price, variable cost etc. This process of randomization is attempted for lot of time to judge the expected net present value from the different factors. This process allows the management to use different calculation which is based on different factors to take possible outcome of projects under uncertainty. The management then calculates the expected net present value that is associated with standard deviation to judge the level of risk involved in project (Smit, 2007). Conclusion It can be stated from the overall discussion that all the above mentioned techniques of capital budgeting facilitates the calculation for highly complex and multi variable based investment proposal. This in turn helps the finance manager to take right decision for feasibility of a project. However, the capital budgeting techniques are not feasible in all circumstances because probability of different factors cannot be exactly measured. The capital budgeting model is also very tedious, time consuming and involve huge expenditure on the part of management. References Baker, H.K. 2011. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. John Wiley Sons. Moyer, C., McGuigan, J. and Rao, R. 2014. Contemporary Financial Management. Cengage Learning. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K. 2013. Readings in Accounting for Management Control. Springer. Smit, P.J. 2007. Management Principles: A Contemporary Edition for Africa. Juta and Company Ltd. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. and Kieso, D. 2009. Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making. John Wiley Sons.

Nigerias Economic Crisis

Introduction Nigeria has a dual economy and, its population relies on earnings from the energy sector followed by the agricultural sector. In 1960, agriculture became the country’s main source of revenue accounting for nearly half of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nigeria’s Economic Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The emergence of oil and other petroleum products has increased the country’s foreign exchange earnings hence the increased revenues. Nigeria is endowed with large quantities of natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. For instance, it is endowed with oil and natural gas reserves with crude oil being estimated at around 35 billion barrels. The country, however, cannot meet the needs of its large population and this is an extraordinary macro-economic phenomenon. The country’s economic growth is un predictable and it now depends on imported food though it was once a net exporter. This is quite surprising keeping in mind that Nigeria is rich in natural resources especially energy and is the sixth largest producer of crude oil internationally (Ekpo, 2008). This paper will discuss the causes of Nigeria’s economic crisis, its effects and finally, how the phenomenon can be changed. Discussion Causes of Nigeria’s Economic Crisis Consumers, producers, and efficiency of the market The decline in Nigeria’s economic growth can be attributed to market shortages of its petroleum products especially Kerosene and diesel. The weak political demands exerted by the poor kerosene and diesel customers and the limitations on public financing of imports is what has led to the market shortages. The country has five government owned oil refineries, which are capable of producing about 500 barrels of oil every day. The high oil production capacity with no adequate markets has mad e the country’s government to get involved in importing large volumes of food to remedy the shortages involved. Supply and Demand Nigeria’s economic crisis can be attributed to the interaction of demand and supply in the market. The citizens are over reliant on self-generated electrical energy despite the fact that the nation is rich in energy resources. The country’s electricity market, which on the supply side is controlled by National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), is incapable of providing acceptable electricity standards, which are both reliable and accessible. The poor record in electricity supply has led to high losses hence the nation’s economic crisis. Price fluctuations in the global oil industry and poor macro- economic organization especially the country’s failure to expand its economy are other key contributors to its economic problems. The diversity of economic and non-economic goals without proper recognition of tradeoffs has also resulted to the crisis. This is seen in its pricing strategies in the global market. Institutional and administrative failures, which have led to production inefficiencies and increased operating costs, have led to the extraordinary macroeconomic phenomena in Nigeria (Oluyemisi, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Nigeria’s Economic Crisis The constant disequilibrium in the country’s market for petroleum products has negatively affected the living standards of the citizens. Poverty levels have increased with majority of people in the country living on not more than $2 in a day. Nigeria’s economic crisis has greatly deteriorated its industrialization process and this has significantly decreased its effort to achieve a stabilized economy. Competitiveness of the countries local industries in both regional and international markets has been reduced and many citizens are now unemployed (Iyoha Itsede, 2002). Changing Nigeria’s Economy Mankiw’s 10 principles Nigeria’s economic theory suggests that energy and oil purchases depend on price of other related products such as natural gas and petrol. The country’s macroeconomic phenomenon can be solved through Mankiw’s ten economic principles. According to Mankiw, countries face tradeoffs and to achieve their goals, then they have to surrender some things. Consequently, for successful decision-making, the country has to trade off one objective against another. Mankiw’s second principle states that what is surrendered in an attempt to achieve something is its cost. The country while getting out of its problems has to put into consideration the total costs required. The third principle elaborates the idea that wise people reason at the margin and, only take action if the subsidiary benefits exceed the costs. Nigerians living standa rds have changed due to low benefits and this can be explained using the principle that people react to changes in incentives. While trying to explain how the economy works together as one, Mankiw says that trade can make the nation to be better placed. Through trade, Nigeria can be able to concentrate on its best activities and other nations can purchase different goods from them. Nigeria can thus solve its economic problems by participating in market economies since through this it can distribute its resources more effectively (Mankiw, 2012). According to Mankiw, the government can at times enhance market outcomes. For instance, since Nigeria has not been able to use its resources effectively, then its government should participate in solving the issue through public policies such as setting rules against monopolies. In his eighth principle, Mankiw states that the standard of living in any nation depends on the nation’s capacity to produce goods and services. To get out of its economic problems, Nigeria should ensure that its workforce produce goods and services in large quantities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nigeria’s Economic Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This could lead to high living standards since productivity in a country increases with increasing income. Mankiw’s ninth principle talks of the fact that prices of goods in a country increase as the government gets involved in printing excess money. Nigeria should not involve herself in such actions since this could lead to low currency values. Sequentially, prices would increase and this would call for more money used in purchasing goods and services. Mankiw’s last principle states that a nation faces a short run transaction during times of price increases and unemployment. Though lowering of prices leads to high unemployment levels, Nigeria should try this principle since it leads to an understanding of the short-term effects of fluctuations in taxes, government expenditure, and monetary principles (Mankiw, 2012). Government Policies Substantial expansion in the value and quantity of Nigeria’s natural resources is important in sustaining its economic growth, creating employment, reducing poverty, and finally improving the well-being of its population as a whole. Overcoming the country’s economic crisis and ensuring global standards in quantity, value and consistency of the nation’s services is a prerequisite for attaining the government’s desire of being one of the top 20 economic countries by 2020. To improve its economy, Nigeria should adopt a new policy with new principles that will lay the basis for continuous improvement in other fields such as agriculture. It should create a more favorable macro-environment that encourages the private sector to put more investments in agriculture. The duties of the government together with t hose of the private sector should be rationalized in a manner that stimulates agricultural development. The institutional structure should also be reorganized to allow for government intervention in the sector since this would lead to growth of the agricultural sector. The government should further articulate and execute development programs in the rural areas to improve the standards of living of the locals. The amount of budgetary allocation given to the agricultural sector should be increased to improve agricultural productivity. Finally, best practices should be developed and procured in the country’s oil and energy industries (Ajilima Kwanashie, 1998). Taxation The government should rectify irregularities in import and export tariffs especially in petroleum and agricultural products. It should also promote the use of machinery in agriculture through imposing constructive tariff policies. This would ensure that the country does not depend on imported food (Mankiw, 2012). Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elasticity Nigeria’s economy depends on price elasticity of goods and services. However, the phenomenon of price elasticity has been synchronized in Nigeria for quite a long time. Price elasticity in Nigeria is determined by consumer demand irrespective of price increases (Oluyemisi, 2010). Conclusion Nigeria is among the richest countries in the world though most of its citizens are strikingly poor. This is because the country relies on its energy sector as the only source of revenue without diversifying in other fields. It is, therefore, clear that for the country to have adequate resources to meet the needs of its population, it should get involved in other income generating activities such as agriculture. The government should also come up with policies that clearly define the duties and responsibilities of both the central government and the private sector in order to get rid of the country’s economic crisis. References Ajilima, I., Kwanashie, M. (1998).The Niger ian economy: response of agriculture to adjustment policies. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium. Ekpo, H. (2008). The Nigerian economy: is it at the crossroads. Nigeria: Nigerian Economic Society. Iyoha, A., Itsede, O. (2002). Nigerian economy: structure, growth, and development. Benin: Mindex Publishers. Mankiw, G. (2012). Essentials of Economics. Australia: Southwestern Cengage Learning. Oluyemisi, D. (2010). The Nigerian economy: growth, productivity and the role of monetary policy. Ibadan: Research Library Development Policy Centre. This research paper on Nigeria’s Economic Crisis was written and submitted by user Darrell Reynolds to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.