Development of Architecture During the Industrial Revolution

Development of Architecture During the Industrial Revolution Introduction The industrial revolution is one of the Great changes in human history. It starts in the middle of 18 century in Britain and continuing until now. Before the Revolution, there were no cities only villages. To get from one village to another people used galloping horse, which was the main and fastest transportation of that time. For majority of people the agriculture was dominant. When industrial revolution begins, agriculture and hand-made been stopped. Things that describes the period of Industrial revolution are inventions of steam engine, coal and iron. Everything is changed when James Watt created a â€Å"steam engine† in 1769. Invention of steam engine provided Britain with an industrial power. Factories, fabrics and railroads could be anywhere. (Louis Auguste Blanqui, historical channel.com.au). Invention of iron by Derby Family could not happen without steam engine. Smelting of iron by charcoal was expensive process. Abraham Derby discovered, that instead of using coal, can replace it with coke. The resulted product is cast iron. â€Å"Human of the Industrial Revolution†, www,hystoryworld.net Besides iron industry, there was a development of textile production, because textile is the basic requirements. Food and cotton products were light and easier to transport to different cities. Location of Britain was good for water transports. We know, that Britain is not from sea from any parts. This was the thing that makes the transportation of goods easier. . There was already existing of networks of canals. â€Å"Human of the Industrial Revolution†, www,hystoryworld.net During this time changes the production of goods. Now instead of using hand-made products, machines started replacing people. For example in fabrics and manufactures, machine could replace 5-6 people. This is main disadvantage of the Industrial Revolution, when government starts quitting unnecessary workers. Inventions of Industrial revolution period influenced to the economy growth. It is creation of different machine tools, using of Iron in manufacture. Industrial revolution changed everything and including architecture as well. Industrial revolution really affected on architecture. There was no need of fancy architecture anymore. People started design more industrial type, which is more useful rather than Gothic buildings. Beautiful Gothic buildings were designed to impress people. In that period some people was already on industrial side, started designing simple structure. At the same time some people went back to the old architectural style and brought them back. Therefore there were movements as Gothic revival and Art Nouveau. When people started designing with industrial mind they had many choice of design their house. (The importance of Industrial Revolution in Archietcture). (http://www.fablablima.com) Producing of iron influenced on architecture. One of great examples of architecture of industrial period is Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton (1850-1851). Joseph Paxton studied and experienced iron and glass, about of joining these components together to design a large building. Body The movement of Gothic style architecture was not accidently. Those movements were against industrial revolution. They wanted to bring back the traditional style of architecture. The Crystal Palace in compare to Gothic Revival and arts and craft movements in architecture is new mode of design of that time. Gothic revival is architectural movement, which was based in England. It’s been a remaking of traditional building style of â€Å"Middle Ages†. Gothic style buildings are very heavy and decorative. Structure made of stone and brick. â€Å"Art Nouveau† movement has same features as Gothic movement, such as: symmetrical shapes and forms, use of arches and heavy structural system. (Jackie Craven, Art Noveau Architecture. architecture.about.com) The Crystal Palace is on of the Great buildings of Industrial period, which represent new direction in architecture. One of building that represent revolutionized architecture. When architecture moved from traditional mode to the new step. This structure is example of how people started experiencing different types of materials, instead of constructing the buildings by masonry and stone and maximizing the indoor spaces. It is a design of lightweight and low-cost buildings. This was the step when architecture of industrial period marked the beginning of new kind of architecture. It plays a big role in a history of architecture. The Crystal Palace was a glass and cast iron structure. The structure was built in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1850 the committee were going to choose a design for the structure, which will exhibit the latest technology and innovation from around the world: â€Å" Great Exhibition of the works of industry of all Nations†. The committee requirements was: Economy and maximizing the exhibition space Spaces for circulation Spaces for reception, classification and placement of goods. View from the interior. In three weeks committee received more 250 works from Australia, Belgium, Netherlands, Hanover, Hamburg, France. But the committee rejected all the works. Mostly all the work was brick and masonry structural designs. But there was iron and glass design by Hector Horeau. The committee rejected it as well, because of the cost of the project. (The Crystal palace, p12) Already known architect and gardener Joseph Paxton presented his idea and concept to the committee. Before Joseph already had an experience with combination of cast iron, glass and laminated wood in his â€Å" Chatsworthhouse† building, which was made of glass. The larges glass house of that period. He experienced the idea â€Å"Ridge –and- furrow† roof system in Charsworthhouse, later he apllied this system in Crystal Palace’s design. Joseph’s design was based on module with the sizes 10inch x 49 inches, which is size of larges glass available that time. The structure consisted of right-angled triangles, which were supported by iron beams and pillars. The length of right-angled triangles was for 564 m. These basic components of the structure were light, strong and easy to build. After Joseph submitted his drawings and calculations, the committee approved the low cost design. The concept of ridge-and-roof house was lily flowers. Paxton’s reputation as gardener was high, he wanted to lily flower to be grown in England. He takes care of flowers. Later it became a concept for the roof system in Crystal Palace. In construction of the glass house, there was an issue with ridge-and furrow roof. Glass structure required more light, but because of structural members of roof (trusses, purlins) building does not get morning and evening rays. To avoid this problem he created the methods of glass roofing, which calls â€Å"ridge and furrow†. The principle and concepts of the roof was to get morning and evening light without any restriction. Therefore the glasses were placed in specific position. He tested this idea in his â€Å"Green house†. After it was applied to the Crystal Palace. (The Crystal palace, p29) The roof of transept is semicircular from exterior. In construction of this roof the support was made arched timbers. Columns supported on each arched timber. The transept roof also following the concept of ridge-and-furrow roof. It was constructed in a flat manner, but following the shape of arched timber. The range of the arches had louvered framed opening which allow passive ventilation for the building. Hollow columns of the structure support the roof. The roof itself looks flat. It has ridges and furrows, because of rise and fall of them is small, roof looks flat. Truss span of the roof 24 feet from each other and this spanning were supported by light beams or rafters. These rafters call â€Å"Paxton’s gutter†, because he created the system of using the rafter as a gutter. The advantages are when it rains, water running from the surface of the roof to â€Å"Paxton’s gutter†. From there water goes to the main gutter, which is connected to the hollow columns and passes down to drainage. (The Crystal Palace, p.36) But later on roofing system gets a problem, because of not availability of good quality construction materials. On of the disadvantages was leaking mostly from all of the part of the big building. This problem could not be solved. In terms of maximizing the space cast columns had advantages compare to masonry columns of traditional architecture, because it could carry the same load as masonry columns. Cast Columns much slimmer than masonry columns and can provide more open indoor space. When the constriction was complete the interior exhibition space was enormous. Because there were no solid walls, only the slender columns supporting the self weight. On of the important advantage of the structural frame works, that cast iron was low in price compare to traditional carved stone. The columns of the Crystal Palace consist of reservoir, where the all the drain water collects from the roof. This drain water is usable in situation of fire or for agriculture. (The Crystal Palace, p18). The great height of the building was divided into 3 stories. Where are the cast iron columns in each stories have different height. In lower floor columns height is 19 feet and for first and second floor is 17 feet. Between the columns the girders have same depth and sizes. They look similar and give an impression of latticework. Therefore construction does not look heavy. â€Å"This showing how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness† (The Crystal Palace, p35-36). Joseph Paxton designed his â€Å"Victorian house† in such a way, so the building retains moisture and gets bright natural lighting every season of the year. But the mechanical and natural products, which were in the building, were destroyed because of moisture. After this experiment with â€Å"Victorian House†, it was experience for him to create new design to avoid those issues for Crystal Palace. (The Crystal Palace, p 32). An important advantage in construction of Crystal Palace takes machinery. Paxton used different types of cut machines (Punching machine, Iron drilling machine, Adzing and planning machine). Al the machines powered by steam engine. Painting machine reservoir filling with the paint, then it runs on surface of the frame. It constructed in a way so unnecessary part could be cleaned. One of the machines he used for framed wall. The frames being cut in machinery with the exactly same dimensions, after this glass was put into the frame. The glass sashes been designed in way so in summer can be removed. Since the work is done by machine, people did not worry that part might not match with each other. (The Crystal Palace, p51) In pre-industrialized period building been by human crafts without machines. Therefore it is harder and construction takes long time to be completed. The society of Art awarded Paxton’s sash-bar machines in 1841 with medal. These types sash-bar machines started u sing in other part of the country. In present time sash-bar design was taken from Paxton’s machine. The big challenge of The Crystal Palace was to maintain the normal temperature inside. Because the function was exhibition, there would be thousands of people. Heat producing by people and the heat coming from outside was the main issue. Already in that time Joseph Paxton cleverly designed the external shading devices. Direct sun light does not get, light is filtered and it becomes very soft. Another way of solution of heat transfer was to make ventilation system. He designed ventilation system for wall and flooring. Placing prefabricated lovers on the wall provides hot air escape. For flooring system board were placed 1 cm apart from each other. It was cleverly designed passive design. Air could travel inside. (Wikipedia). This is the one of the great example when people started thinking of climatic response. Design the space, which will cleverly work, rather than designing it for decoration. In terms of spatial planning, Paxton provided refreshments spaces for people during the exhibition. There are spaces with open courts and trees. There was no necessity of making solid enclosures, so the structure does not lose the lightness. The trees of the north entrance were also for refreshment purpose. Spaces were enclosed by sash-glazed partitions almost similar as exterior glass panels. Rooms of the building was designed that can get more natural lighting and ventilation. Partitions that separate the rooms give the building very light effect. (The Crystal palace, p.36) In 1936 on 30th November Crystal Palace was set on fire. In one hour the building was destroyed. North Transept was burned. Government not insured to cover the rebuilding. Because the cost was around 2 million pounds. That time Welby Pugin founder of Gothic Architecture called this building â€Å"Glass Monster†. He told Paxton â€Å" You had better keep to building green houses, and I will keep mu churches and cathedrals†. Many other architects started criticizes Crystal Palace. Many books and articles was written after the demolition. Thomas Carlyle called it â€Å"Big glass soup buble†. But in these letter days Crystal Palace benn called â€Å"Proto Modern Architecture† and became a precedent for many buildings such as commercial buildings in Europe and America. Crystal Palace became a symbol of industrial revolution, strength and economic- industrial power of England that time. (Manpret Singh, â€Å"The demolition Of Crystal Palace 1926-1941†. ww w.digital.lib.umb.edu.com ) Conclusion The main idea of this essay was to show the effectiveness of industrialized methods of construction of Crystal Palace in opposition to Gothic revival style and Art Noveau, which represents traditional architecture. The main points are: The main difference is that Crystal Palace represents new modes of design, where buildings do not have to be so heavy. The purpose is economical use of space. For example: slender columns allow having big indoor space compare to masonry columns. Using of different types of machines. Building can be completed in short period of time. Low cost and availability of cast iron. Smart designed structure in response to climatic aspects. As was already mentioned above, Paxton’s gutter system, which collects the rain water in specific reservoir. Drain water is usable in case of fire or for agriculture. Less using of artificial lighting, because of glass material. Passive ventilation design. Louvered wall system and flooring system, where the block’s spacing is 1 cm., which allows the space, breathe. The Crystal Palace was the great example of new style of architecture. It was a step forward from the traditional architecture. The structural system of Crystal Palace we can still use in our time. It was a precedent for future buildings. Already experienced cast iron and glass. After the demolition, people know how to avoid those problems. Test it and make it work better, but the main concept is based on Crystal Palace skeletal system. Therefore nowadays we have improved skeletal structures. My opinion is that this type of architecture is more useful, compare to traditional. In terms of spaces, how could it be better and lighter by using the different types of materials? But at the same time it can carry the similar load. It was the time when people started thinking of different design, shapes and form. When people started thinking of low cost structures and experiencing of different materials except brick and stone. When people started thinking of opportunities engaging with surrounding and climate aspects of those kinds of structures. Which is did not exist for traditional type of architecture. Gothic and arts and crafts buildings are more concentrating to show the importance of it. Even the decorations, which are not useful. There might be disadvantages of Industrial Revolution, but the main advantage is step for the future with industrial mind.

Dubai Police Department Proposals Essay

In order to attain the objectives it is essential to recognize the existing practices in Dubai police department and also in the modern police departments of countries like USA, Germany, UK, Australia etc. This will be done by individual interviews of the officials in Dubai and the through questionnaires from other corners of the world. Primary research will be persistent on personal interviews with Dubai Police department officials that will give an inner view of the present positing and future goals. This will also be a key basis of understanding the indolence for change. This will help in bringing out the indication of the present managed system in Dubai police department organization. Ultimately the clients will help in providing the true print of Dubai Police department’s working and key areas of improvement. Data presented from this research will assist to evaluate the best practices model and the actual working. This will help in indicating the difference and the reason for Dubai police department organization to implement a successful change management. Dubai Police higher officials will be randomly selected with favorable time and place for the interviews to be carried out. Finally the research will be focused on the historical data by looking at the Dubai Police department’s strategy in the past. If any failure or any glitches are to be found in companies strategy they will be pointed in this research. This will help the writer to understand the Dubai Police department’s goals in the past and their implementation process. Bibliography Articles: Garry Wilson (2004) Lessons from the trenches – Principles of change. Chartered Accountants Journal, 13(1), pp. 1-5. Pierre Collerette, Robert Schneider, Paul Legris (2001), Managing organizational change -Part one Change in turbulent times, ISO Management Systems, pp. 1-8. 45 Woodward, Sally, Hendry, Chris (June -2004), Leading and coping with change. Journal of Change Management, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p155, 29p Michelman, Paul (Oct – 2004), Overcoming Change Resisters Harvard Management, Vol. 9 Issue 10, p3, 1p; (AN 15175074) De Jager, Peter. Futurist (Oct – 2001), Resistance to Change: A New View of an Old Problem. Vol. 35 Issue 3, p24, 4p, 1bw; (AN 4339215) Pratt, Mary K. , (Jan – 2005) Leading Change Computerworld, 1/10/2005, Vol. 39 Issue 2, p33, 2p; (AN 15636701)

Choice of Final Products and Ingredients

For my final product I have chosen to make Pork and Apple Turnovers as in Objective three they proved to best meet my specifications and appealed the most to my target audience. In this objective I modified my choice of product and have added more fruit to the final product so as it can best fit with my brief and encourage people to eat more fruit This table on the next page will show the ingredients that I will be using in my final product with reasons why. I have also added a table to show what equipment I will be using and why. Pork sausage meat Apple Onion Plain white flour Margarine Water Salt and pepper This ingredient was for the flavour of my turnover. It created the odour of the final product and gave the appearance of the filling. Adds colour and texture to the product and providing it with a sweet odour. I chose apple as it was a popular fruit for my target group and I need to encourage them to consume more fruit. Adds a contrasting taste to the product and gives the product a better texture. Flour is used in this product to help bulk the mixture and give it texture. This is used as a shortening agent to create the ‘shortcrust pastry'. This particular ingredient will help to make the pastry crisp and crumbly in texture. Water was used in this product to help bind the ingredients together in both the flour and the filling. Used to add flavour to the product which contrasts to that of pork, apple or onion. Basic seasoning. Knife Food processor Bowl Oven Weighing scales Use to accurately cut the apple and onion and ensure pieces are small To ensure the continuity of textures so as the filling has a constant taste with each bite. Used for the mixing of ingredients such as the pastry mixture and the initial mixing of the filling. Used to cook the product at the end of mixing both parts of the making process and once it has all come together. Used so able to accurately weigh out each individual ingredient so as the final outcome is to the best of my potential. Control System for Final Product Control Reason How? Products and ingredients are cooked thoroughly. To ensure the killing of bacteria and to avoid the spoilage of the product and under cooking. Use the timer on the oven face to see accurately how long the product has been cooking for. Look to see if the food is not burnt. Set the ovens to the correct temperature Ensure that all coatings are taken of the sausage meat Plastic is a choking hazard, to ensure quality Look to see if the covering has been completely taken off Ingredients are of the highest quality. To ensure quality and longer shelf-life Buy the ingredients from approved retailers who are well known for their high quality food products, preferably the day before. Check to see that the ingredients are of high quality. Apple and onion chopped to a suitable and uniform size. To ensure constant texture in the product and quality Look and compare chopped pieces Weighing and measuring To ensure that the correct proportions of ingredients are used. Use accurate scales and measuring jug. Cooked and raw meat are kept separate To ensure cross-contamination does not occur. Clean each surface thoroughly after each stage and use clean or different utensils for each stage. Circumference and weight of final product is accurate within each product To ensure equal quality in each product. Measure the circumference and weight accurately No foreign bodies are able to enter the product. To decrease the risk of cross contamination and the growth of bacteria Look to see if any large pieces can be spotted In manufacture packaging is sealed To avoid contamination Spotters on the production line to check for the problems.

Desirees Baby - 908 Words

Desirees baby Kate Chopin wrote the short story â€Å"Desirees baby† in 1892, when black people where considered second-class citizens. Even though the slaves were freed in 1865 as a directly consequence of the north states victory at the civil war, racial segregation were at it highest, particular because of the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws. Black people were free – but their opportunities were not good. Even tough many new schools and churches were built for the black people, racism were a big sinner and black people were treated very bad - especially in the south states. Miscegenation was a cursed word, as the communities saw it as a crime and both the family and the baby were suppressed. Desiree felt that on her own body. â€Å"Desirees baby†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The community surrounding the characters of the story are very wealthy, as many slaves harvest the cotton at Labri. Besides that, it is also a sign of status and money that Armand orders a â€Å"corbeille from Paris† to his wedding with Desiree, as the journey from Louisiana to Paris was incredibly long and difficult at that time. The story unfolds in the period July to August, as we hear that three months are going from the day Miss Valmonde visit Desiree to the â€Å"break up† of Desiree and Armand - and Desiree leaves Armand â€Å"an October afternoon†. One of the themes of the story is miscegenation. Kate Chopin wishes to bring the subject to the knowledge of people – to bring the topic to debate. Kate Chopin is famous for using naturalism in her work, which is a literate movement, with realistic writing, who brings social issues to debate. Its used her, as the story narrates about a white girl, giving birth to a colored child, taking the â€Å"easy† way out – disappearing, which is possible the death for her and her child. The hertz against â€Å"mixed†, and of course black, people, were something Kate Chopin wished to change and thats the issue she tried to put focus on with this short story. The story also deals with ethical and morale themes, such as the fact that its not right to accuse people for something youre not sure about. Armand learns this the hard way, as he receives â€Å"nemesis† for his evil deed, when he discovers that its him whos carrying the blackShow MoreRelatedDesirees Baby Analysis Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesstory by Kate Chopin and its use of symbols, setting and characters. Desiree’s baby was perhaps one of the best stories I’ve ever read. Analyzing it was not easy at all. Its use of symbols was very hard to comprehend. At first, it doesn’t make sense. But as you think critically, all the symbols, and setting and the characters in this literature plunge together in one amazing story. Literary Analysis on Kate Chopins Desirees Baby â€Å"Tell me what it means!† she cried despairingly.† It means,†Read More Kate Chopins Desirees Baby Essays1394 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopins Desirees Baby This essay will focus on the short story by Kate Chopin and its use of symbols, setting and characters. Desiree’s baby was perhaps one of the best stories I’ve ever read. Analyzing it was not easy at all. Its use of symbols was very hard to comprehend. At first, it doesn’t make sense. But as you think criticallyRead More Kate Chopins Desirees Baby - The Formalistic Approach Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe Formalistic Approach to Desirees Baby  Ã‚      Kate Chopins narrative of Desirees Daughter created a sense of ambiguity among the reader until the last few sentences of the story.   However, the Formalistic Approach to Literature helps one to review the texts and notice countless relationships between the detailed components and conclusion of the story.   These elements draw clues and foreshadow the events that happen throughout the duration and climax of the narrative.   CloseRead More Gender Roles in Chopins Desirees Baby and A Point at Issue1319 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Chopins Desirees Baby and A Point at Issue Many female writers write about womens struggle for equality and how they are looked upon as inferior. Kate Chopin exhibits her views about women in her stories. The relationship between men and women in Kate Chopins stories imply the attitudes that men and women portray. In many of Chopins works, the idea that womens actions are driven by the men in the story reveals that men are oppressive and dominant and women are vulnerableRead MoreDesirees Baby, by Kate Chopin Essay example1137 Words   |  5 Pagesstruggled with issues of conformity and individuality. In the modern world, individuality is idealized, as it is associated with strength. Weak individuals are usually portrayed as conforming to society and having almost no personal ideas. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, a short story, the author Kate Chopin deals with the struggles of African descendants in the French colonies during the time of slave labor. The protagonist is a white woman named Desiree who is of unknown o rigin and birth as she was found abandonedRead MoreSocietal Boundaries in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Desirees Baby 1910 Words   |  8 PagesSocietal Boundaries in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Desirees Baby As humans, we live our life within the boundaries of our belief systems and moral guidelines we were raised with. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† tells the story of two women who live according to those societal boundaries. American author Kate Chopin (1850–1904) wrote about a hundred short stories and two novels in the 1890s. Most of her fictionRead MoreWho Am I As A Reader?1446 Words   |  6 Pagesauthors addressed and of the techniques used in their presentation, which meant an interesting experience for me and I consider myself literary enriched. What impressed me most of all works studied, was the theme of irony, flipped in works like Desiree’s Baby, and The Story of An Hour, by Kate Chopin and The Open Boat, by Stephen Crane. As a reader, you can imagine the end of the story in a certain way, naturally, assumed by anyone, but at the end, you are surprised by a tragic, unfortunate finishRead MoreFeminism In Desirees Baby792 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s Desiree’s Baby is a short story about a girl named Desiree who is abandoned, then adopted into a wealthy family. Young Desiree soon grows up and falls in love with a slave owner, Armand,with whom she conce ives a son with only to discover that her childs appearance consists of African descent characteristics. Chopin narrates the issues of oppression and loss of identity during a historical period of time through Desiree’s character. Derek Foster and Kris LeJeunes critique, focusingRead MoreDesirees Baby Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesInequality in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a tragic short story written by Kate Chopin. The story is about the struggle between the main characters Armand and his wife Desiree. The relationship is torn apart after they come to the realization that they have a quadroon baby or quarter black. Neither of them know that either one could be the cause of the mixed baby. Armand sees this as a curse to his family name and disowns Desiree and the baby. After Desiree and her baby are disownedRead MoreRacism In Desirees Baby1272 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s short story â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is about racism. Desiree, the main character who does not know her own identity at the beginning, is given a French name that means to be desired. Not only she is desired by her adoptive parents: Madame and Monsieur Valmonde, but also desired by her slave-owning husband Armand Aubigny. Investigating the symbolic spaces and objects associated with Desiree and Armand leads to a co mparison of lightness and darkness in the story. The theme of the short story

International Students Should Be Taught At A University

International students who come from different parts of the world to study with later hopes of finding a job, take loans to help pay for education ending up in large debts. This sadly is a harsh reality for students who come as international students into the United States. International students are not permitted to work off campus while studying at a university. According to the U.S. Citizenship Immigration Services, visas granted to foreign students are prohibited to any execution of a job (Working). This can include any work ranging from working in motels and liquor stores to in some cases, on campus. Inability to abide by these rules can result in deportation or can affect the student visa and further permissions for a work visa and a green card. Making it incapable for international students to work off-campus, builds a financial burden on these students as well as their parents back home. Not only are these students burdened with thousands of dollars of debt, the currency exc hange rate makes it tougher for these students to pay for their tuitions, housing, and food, without earning it in American dollars. Some students are fortunate enough to find and do jobs on campus, but only small number of students admitted in United States universities are hired for on-campus and the availability is quite low in comparison to a number of international students. This makes it difficult for international students to get an on-campus job and help pay their tuitions, as well asShow MoreRelatedInternational Students At The American University1749 Words   |  7 PagesHow many of you guys study well in the American Universityï ¼Å¸ Maybe some of you have problem in your academic study? To be a successful International student in the American University, International students should work hard and go to the student center of school and go to the writing center in order to find tutors for help. Also they can take lots of student’s activities in school. For most of International students, taking the activities in school, including language communication or club activitiesRead MoreData Analysis And Evaluation Of Findings1100 Words   |  5 PagesBiacan TUI University â€Æ' Data Analysis and Evaluation of Findings Students at the Trident University MAE504 course are taught to develop principles and techniques to conduct research in education. Understanding the different research methods gives greater appreciation for the importance of research. This paper will take a research question and go through the process of identifying the aspects of research that will help meaningfully answer that question to generalize the results to students and educatorsRead MoreThe Position Of Assistant Professor Of Socio Cultural Foundations Of Education At Miami University997 Words   |  4 Pagesposition of Assistant Professor of Socio-Cultural Foundations of Education at Miami University, which I found at the Chronicle of Higher Education. I am currently a PhD candidate at the University of Wyoming in the College of Education, where I am nearing completion of my dissertation investigating international students’ English language issues, perceived discrimination, and intent to persist at the university . I expect to defend my dissertation in October of 2016. I was intrigued by the postingRead MoreThe Importance Of English Language In Thailand1427 Words   |  6 Pagesthe English as a language is being taught in many countries oversea today including Thailand. In fact, you’ll be surprising to know that English is required for many of the students in many countries. Unfortunately, it is not necessarily taught as well as it could be because of heavy teaching load, class sizes and adequate technology. Learning an English today stills has been challenging for many countries and specifically in Thailand. In Thailand, the student often gets too overwhelmed with EnglishRead MoreBilingual Education : The Dual Language Program1224 Words   |  5 Pageseducation is an educational system in which students are taught in both their native and international language. It has been practiced in various forms in different countries of the world. There are still conflicts between people in case of bilingual education because some people prefer bilingual education whereas, some refuse it, depending upon their own thoughts and reasons and they are still arguing about it. Whatever the argument is, bilingual education should be prioritized, especially in the countryRead MoreEnglish Language Vs. Foreign Countries Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pages[Name of Student] [Name of Lecturer] Education [Date] English Language Education in Japanese Schools Introduction Teaching a second language always has its unique challenges, unlike teaching other subjects, in which instruction is in the learners’ first language. English, being an international language is taught across, most, if not all modern day nations. It is not only important for personal communication and professional growth but also for socialization in a world that is increasingly globalizedRead MoreAdmission Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesI write to express my interest in the tenure-track appointment in guitar at the assistant or associate professor level beginning fall 2018 at the Arizona State University School of Music. While I have taught at a number of institutions, my position at Georgia State University (GSU) has offered the greatest opportunities for professional growth. Consequently, my discussion of professional activities will focus primarily on the work I have done in connection with GSU starting in 2012. In this timeRead MoreAcademic Integrity And Student Conduct O ffice939 Words   |  4 PagesI am Rohit Attada, bearing a WIN 714332532 pursuing my masters in Industrial Engineering at Western Michigan University. I have been registered to EM 5120 service operation management subject for this spring 2016. I submitted the first assignment given in the class, in which professor found the traces of plagiarism and he forwarded it to the student conduct office. At the student conduct office, I came to know where I have done a mistake and I felt that I am responsible for violation of sectionRead MoreInternational Students Essay example1074 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences between American Students and International Students Most young people believe that studying in a different country is a privilege because they are able to experience other cultures, and learn from them. However, in the United States it is not as good as they thought because International students have much more pressure being in this country, and sometimes they cannot handle it very well. Therefore, in the United States the life of an international student is very unfavorable if peopleRead MoreThe Foxhole Court, By Writer Nora Sakavic Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"University, he said quietly. It sounded like a dream; it tasted like damnation†. This quote is stated in the book â€Å"The Foxhole Court† by Writer Nora Sakavic. As we know, university is the first formal step of planning for future destination, analysis all the opportunities, choosing best option, applying strategies for moving forward. Career orientation or career development process may start from here. Leading a healthy, solvent and transparent e conomic life a perfect career should be selected

The Emergence of Two Types of Jews in the United States

However, this fear of covert discrimination in the workforce did not help those already drifting from Jewish ideology and heritage from drifting even further. With the 1950’s nearing its end, education and acceptance in American society was more prevalent on the public’s radar. With those of the first generation still holding to their Jewish identity, many of their children were less motivated and less caring for their Jewish roots. This lack of awareness tainted Jewry of the fifties and climactically corroborated this Jewish emergence and assimilation to surpass throughout the sixties. The beginning of the 1960’s for American Jewry showed no difference in motivation than the previous decade. The choices made over the next two decades accurately convey a path for the emergence of two types of Jews in America. In a New York Times article written in 1962, Rabbi Rosenblum expresses his concern for Jews during this time. He says, â€Å"What we Jews wants is what others desire, just to be let alone to enjoy life liberty, and happiness along with our neighbors.† It marked a point of realization that if Jews uniformly wanted to assimilate without conflict, this could be achieved. The question however still remained whether this could be done while also retaining a Jewish identity. If the choices of the fifties did not offer much foresight into this question, the decisions of the sixties and seventies solidify this concern when â€Å"American Jews saw the sixties open with a promise ofShow MoreRelatedGenocide: Inhumanity in Our World Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognizable is that of the Holocaust and how the German powers that be sought and attempted to kill all Jews. A recent example is the Rawandan Genocide in 1994 where the assassination of Juvà ©nal Habyarimana caused a violent reaction resulting in mass killings. In efforts to reduce Genocide, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UHCG) was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 and was placed in force in 1951. On July 1, 2002 the International Criminal Court (ICC)Read More Colonialism in the Caribbean Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesCaribbean in their writings they all have very distinct perspectives. In his writing, The Caribbean as a Socio-cultural Area, Sidney Mintz discusses the Caribbean from a historical standpoint in which he characterizes it as a socially united, rather than a culturally united one. Antonio Benitez- Rojo tries to explain the distinct cultures of the Caribbean with a combination of historical and personal knowled ge , in his writing of The Repeating Island. While in her novel Abeng, Michelle Cliff uses an entirelyRead MoreHistory Of The United States1185 Words   |  5 PagesChoi P.5 Mr. Cobleigh. 5/1/17 History of immigration in the United State. Immigrating to the United State mean is immigrating to the United States from another country. About 14 million people from around 2000 to 2010 immigrated to the United States from around the world. America is an immigrant country. According to the U.S Census Bureau. About 43 million the Americans were born outside of the United States in 2017. That is a figure equivalent to approximately 13% of theRead More Jewish Assimilation Essay example3172 Words   |  13 Pages Has assimilation been bad for Judaism? Samuel Heilman made it clear that materialistic gain has led to the fall of Jewish culture. Have Jews turned their religious lives solely to conform to the Catholic American society? Heilman gives the argument that since Jews have moved up the socio-economic ladder, they actually lost focus on what it means to be a Jew. One must first answer the question of what is being Jewish? Is it simply something inherited? Does it mean living ones life solely regardingRead MoreMoney is extremely relevant in International relations because money makes vast amounts of people1100 Words   |  5 Pagesfurthermore bad debts within banks are the reason countries go bankrupt therefore loaning money from other countries hence money influences foreign policy because states are always power seeking. The pursuit of power can without a doubt be related to money and this money can be found if a state associates itself with the economies of other states. The film characterises the international dimension to money and war as one that has a dominoes effect because when one country’s economy crashes it influencesRead MoreSpanish Culture : Spain s Culture1629 Words   |  7 Pagesand its influence until the preserved 711 ~ 1400 years. Spanish is Latin and Arabic influences, while it received a lot of times when. In the middle ages, the Jewish influx amounting to begin another fusion of cultures. The influence of Muslims and Jews during the years 1000 to 1492 recounts the homeland recovery movement was lost from this time in accordance with the Christian forces take control of Spain. This means that this Roman Catholic country, Spain. In addition to the historical relationshipRead MoreSynopsis Of World War II1939 Words   |  8 Pages6, 1945, The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan. The bomb wounded and killed nearly 150,000 people The Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima caused destruction in japan. I will also b e talking about the end and results of World War 2. For example: The Nuremberg Trials, Division of land, new diplomatic policies. As a result of World War II, the Allied forces formed the United Nations, on October 24, 1945.The end of World War II led to the emergence of the United States and Soviet UnionRead MoreAn Article On The Middle East2928 Words   |  12 Pagesof the twentieth century, highlighting the fundamental events and factors that have signed the constitution of the region as we know it. I am then going to describe the main forms of government that have characterized the generation of the modern states that are part of the contemporary Middle East. Finally I will analyse and focus on the external forces and elements that have shaped and continue to shape the development of the area’s politics, economics and societies. The Middle East is a geographicalRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1867 Words   |  8 PagesHollywood filmmaking in the early until about the middle of the twentieth century some groups have been absorbed into whiteness, perhaps the most storied is Jewish Americans. In Daniel Bernardi’s review of â€Å"The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U. S. Cinema† in The peer reviewed scholarly journal Film Quarterly, Bernardi notes that distinguished author Toni Morrison observes that there is â€Å"everything-and-nothing status of whiteness, its tendency to shroud itself in definitional obscurityRead MoreDevelopment of the world without religion1640 Words   |  7 PagesWhen people question the existence and emergence of planet Earth through science, what is discovered is that there are no generic answers. The conversation will erupt into a never-ending debate and get into the vexing, and sometimes violent, interpretations based on one’s beliefs. What c an be answered is what goes on inside the geographical world. My topic of research is not the geography that is tested in the second grade, when a teacher asks a student to point to where London is on a map. In fact

Corporate Financial Management for Budgeting -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financial Management for Capital Budgeting. Answer: Introduction Capital budgeting decisions are also called investment decision which affects finance position related to fixed assets of the firm in long run. The capital budgeting decision is based on cost and benefits analysis and these techniques helps in evaluating the suitability of a project. The criterion is selected on basis of maximizing market value of the organization. The finance manager of an organization has to take two decisions such as short term decision and long term decision regarding their capital structure. Short term decisions are called working capital decision whereas long term decisions are called capital budgeting decision (Smit, 2007). In this context, the present report aims to demonstrate the impact of capital budgeting techniques on management decision-making of a business entity. Relation between management decisions making to capital budgeting techniques The capital budgeting decisions are based on basic three criterions that are, accept- reject decision, mutually exclusive decision and capital rationing decision. The accept reject criterion is related to independent projects which means a single project and cannot be compared with another project. The business organizations can accept or reject a project on the basis of minimum rate of return in this criterion. For example in minimum rate on investment is required by the organization is 10% and project can generate 11% rate of return then that project can be accepted. On the other hand, mutually exclusive decisions helps the management to take the decision among all the different projects in that case acceptance of one project automatically rejects all other projects on the basis of cost benefits analysis. The capital rationing decision is those decision under which capital is distributed amongst the acceptable projects because the management can distribute whole money in all the pr ojects due to limitation of resources (Moyer, McGuigan and Rao, 2014). The capital budgeting techniques are divided in two parts: Traditional techniques Modern techniques Traditional techniques: These techniques are also known as unadjusted time methods because these techniques do not consider present value of money. The acceptance or rejection of projects by management in case of this technique depends upon future cash inflows of project, if future cash inflows are more than present investments than project can be accepted otherwise it is rejected. There are three techniques under this method: Urgency Method: This technique is based on assumption that project which requires immediate action should be taken first and that cannot be postponed. For example if in a factory, a machine stops working and requires immediate repair works for Rs. 10,00,000 for continuing the production then management will spend such amount for continuation of projects without considering profitability of the project. Pay- Back period Method: Under this method that project is accepted which recovers the cost of investment as early as possible. It means this technique helps the management to select a project which recovers its cost as early because future is uncertain. Average rate of return: The management of an organization always calculate minimum rate of return on an investment that depends upon internal and external factors of the organization. If any investment proposal which can earn more than minimum rate of return that project can be accepted (Otley and Emmanuel, 2013). Modern Techniques/ Discounted cash flow techniques: These techniques consider present value of money i.e. future cash inflow is discounted in terms of present value. These techniques are: Net present value method: These techniques may be defined as difference between present value of future cash inflows and present value of cash outflows. This technique helps the management to accept or reject the project based on positive net present value i.e. present value of cash inflow is more than present value of cash outflow. The minimum rate of interest for discounted cash flows is selected. Present value index or profitability index: This technique is based on ratio of present value of cash inflow and present value of cash outflow. This is known as profitability index, if profitability index is more than one then project can be accepted otherwise it is rejected. This helps the management to decide cash inflow receivable from the project in comparison with investment in project. Internal Rate of return method: It is rate of return where NPV is zero which means present value of cash inflow is equal to present value of cash outflow. The business can decide its break even point where no profit or loss situation where inflow is equal to outflow and projected can be accepted without any loss. Discounted Pay- Back period method: Under pay back period method that project can be accepted which recovers the cost as early as possible but in this techniques future cash inflow and outflows are discounted according to the rate of interest and decision is taken. This technique helps the management early recovery of cost after considering present value of money. Terminal Value method: In this technique it is assumed that each cash inflow is reinvested immediately by an organization to generate the interest or other income. This is because reinvested cash inflow in different income bearing securities generates the compounded return to an organization which in turn provides higher return of a project (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Discounted cash flow techniques Break Even Analysis: This refers to a situation where a business realizes no profit or loss, i.e. it is level of sales where total revenue is equal to total cost. In the present competitive business environment, there is huge competition in the market where cost and selling price of the product is variable and thus management desires to achieve its breakeven point as early as possible for realizing profits. . The future is uncertain and thus management has to develop effective strategies for realizing its breakeven point and have to develop their capital structure adequately. It is always interested to decide that level of sales which can recovers at least variable cost of product. The capital budgeting techniques helps the organization with various techniques such as net present value, internal rate of return etc. According to NPV criterion the management can achieve break even points where NPV is zero. Internal rate of return techniques helps the management to accept the project where the project is ea rning at least minimum rate of return on the project (Moyer, McGuigan and Rao, 2014). Sensitivity Analysis: The various variables related to investment proposal involved different variable such as cost, market share, sales volume, selling price. The projected cash flow depends upon these variables and these variables are uncertain due to time factor and customer choices and technological development. This technique of capital budgeting force the management to identify the variables that effect the cash flow of the project and guide the management to take the right action for this variable. This technique provides the facility to the management to concentrate on the effect of change in cost, sales or other factor on the outcome of the project. The future is uncertain and management is expected to achieve desired results due to cost involved in the project. The sensitivity analysis helps in identifying how sensitive are the various estimated variables of a project. It shows how sensitive is a projects NPV or IRR for a given change in particular variables. This approach guide the management how far sales, cost and other data can affect the outcome of a project because if the cost of project decline then it will generate more cash inflows and vice versa. Under this technique, it is assumed that only one variable is changed and others are constant. If the sales of an organization increase, the inflow of a project also increases and vice- versa. In that case one variable is changed but other variable are constant. This can be done by different approaches such as optimistic approach, pessimistic approach and expected approach. Under this technique, assumption about sales are changed one time and other factors are constant and on other side sales are constant but other factors such as cost can be changed. These techniques help the management to evaluate the project according to different criterion so the management can estimate of outcome in future because of change in sales or other factors (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Scenario analysis: This is the situation where more than one variable is changed at the same time and no variable is constant. This situation is very tedious for the management where all the factors related to a project is changed simultaneously and affect the outcome of a project. If all the variables related to a project are changed in the positive direction then it is beneficial for an organisation as it will generate more cash inflows for management. However, in reverse case if all the variables are negative it provides negative results for an organisation. This evaluates the expected value of a proposed investment or business activity. The statistical mean is the highest probability event that can be expected in a certain situation. By creating various scenarios that may occur and combining them with the probability that they will incur, an analyst can better determine the value of an investment or business venture. The major drawback for these types of fixed outcome analyses are the probabilities estimated and the outcome sets bounded by the values for the extreme positive and negative events (Otley and Emmanuel, 2013). Simulation Techniques Sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis are quite useful to understand the uncertainty of the investment projects. However, these methods do not consider the interactions between variables and also, they do not reflect on the probability of the change in variables. The future is uncertain due to market choices, customer preferences, competition, technological development and market driven forces. Thus, it is essential for an organization to take effective capital budgeting decision for the objective of investment in the long run. In the situation of uncertainty, simulation techniques are more beneficial for the finance manager, because future is uncertain about cost, revenue and returns of the projects (Baker, 2011). Under this method statistical distribution such as probability distribution is allowed for each outcome of project. This technique is based on computer and reflects real time situations. This technique is known as monte-carlo simulation model. The term Monte Carlo implies that the approach involves the use of numbers drawn randomly from probability distributions. Under the simulation techniques computer generates the random numbers for each of the variables such as market share, sale price, variable cost etc. This process of randomization is attempted for lot of time to judge the expected net present value from the different factors. This process allows the management to use different calculation which is based on different factors to take possible outcome of projects under uncertainty. The management then calculates the expected net present value that is associated with standard deviation to judge the level of risk involved in project (Smit, 2007). Conclusion It can be stated from the overall discussion that all the above mentioned techniques of capital budgeting facilitates the calculation for highly complex and multi variable based investment proposal. This in turn helps the finance manager to take right decision for feasibility of a project. However, the capital budgeting techniques are not feasible in all circumstances because probability of different factors cannot be exactly measured. The capital budgeting model is also very tedious, time consuming and involve huge expenditure on the part of management. References Baker, H.K. 2011. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. John Wiley Sons. Moyer, C., McGuigan, J. and Rao, R. 2014. Contemporary Financial Management. Cengage Learning. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K. 2013. Readings in Accounting for Management Control. Springer. Smit, P.J. 2007. Management Principles: A Contemporary Edition for Africa. Juta and Company Ltd. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. and Kieso, D. 2009. Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making. John Wiley Sons.